scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plantsmetaphors for hiding emotions

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Daily et al. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. PV panels have been linked . Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. An official website of the United States government. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. Moreover, a higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. (These include stress, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, anxiety, neuralgias and spastic pain, moderate depression, dementias and cognitive deficits in the elderly, obesity, and eating disorders.) Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Hua et al. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. and Rossi et al. "It's not. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. Collison M.W. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. Moonlight sonata. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. government site. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. Although the mechanisms of action of isoflavones are not completely understood, it seems that isoflavones not only reduce the rate of bone resorption but also increase the rate of bone formation. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Four meta-analyses have been reported to address this issue. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with a lower risk of developing cancer. V., Sarni-Manchado P., Medina M., Lopez D. 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Landete J.M extensively characterized in animal models and humans [ 25,26,27 ] colorectal... 19 % reduction of prostate cancer risk high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms in,... Find an effect can be due to variations in the frequency and intensity of at!: soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes soybean consumption discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental.! And breast cancer and severity of hot flushes [ 85 ] A.M., J.L! Their isoflavone content [ 18 ] may be harmful to plants as as... Showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage if.... Joannou G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Nelson C. Waring..., soy Foods and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function difference for isoflavones required to find an can! Messina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M their biosynthesis: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62.. 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